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<channel>
	<title>Brains &#038; Climate</title>
	<link>http://williamcalvin.net</link>
	<description>Bouncing back from climate crunch           (by William H. Calvin)</description>
	<pubDate>Mon, 24 Sep 2007 18:52:44 +0000</pubDate>
	<generator>http://wordpress.org/?v=2.2.1</generator>
	<language>en</language>
			<item>
		<title>Get-rich-quick Memo to the Oil Barons</title>
		<link>http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/20/get-rich-quick-memo-to-the-oil-barons/</link>
		<comments>http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/20/get-rich-quick-memo-to-the-oil-barons/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 20 Sep 2007 18:14:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>WilliamCalvin</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[geothermal]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[global warming]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[clean energy]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[carbon fee]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Climate change]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/20/get-rich-quick-memo-to-the-oil-barons/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&#160;
Oil barons really know how to dig holes in the ground. And they need a better place to put their money than trying to confuse the public about how serious global fever has become. I think they are missing a old-fashioned business opportunity, and a giant one at that.

]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt" class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt" class="MsoNormal">Oil barons really know how to dig holes in the ground. And they need a better place to put their money than trying to confuse the public about how serious global fever has become. I think they are missing a old-fashioned business opportunity, and a giant one at that.</p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt" class="MsoNormal">
<p> <a href="http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/20/get-rich-quick-memo-to-the-oil-barons/#more-28" class="more-link">(more&#8230;)</a></p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>The future ain’t what it used to be.</title>
		<link>http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/19/the-future-ain%e2%80%99t-what-it-used-to-be/</link>
		<comments>http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/19/the-future-ain%e2%80%99t-what-it-used-to-be/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 19 Sep 2007 21:38:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>WilliamCalvin</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[solar]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[wind power]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[geothermal]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[global warming]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[clean energy]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[nuclear power]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[insurance]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Climate change]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/19/the-future-ain%e2%80%99t-what-it-used-to-be/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[This aphorism by Yogi Berra, the Baseball Hall of Fame philosopher, used to be a funny example of a tangled arrow of time. But now it means that, thanks to global warming and ocean acidification, our kids and grandkids cannot have the kind of future that we had; they can count on a future of high risk, both directly [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This aphorism by Yogi Berra, the Baseball Hall of Fame philosopher, used to be a funny example of a tangled arrow of time. But now it means that, thanks to global warming and ocean acidification, our kids and grandkids cannot have the kind of future that we had; they can count on a future of high risk, both directly from climate change and from the regional collapse of civilization.</p>
<p>People take sensible precautions when the risk is high. Ask a roomful of people if they have fire insurance. Almost all will raise a hand. Ask how many have had a fire in the last ten years, and almost none will respond. Yet people pay for insurance because, should a fire happen, they could lose everything—and still have to pay off the mortgage.</p>
<p>But uncertainty is another matter. Those with money to loan will worry about ever getting it back, and so loan rates will soar.</p>
<p> <a href="http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/19/the-future-ain%e2%80%99t-what-it-used-to-be/#more-27" class="more-link">(more&#8230;)</a></p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Avoid the Optimal</title>
		<link>http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/19/avoid-the-optimal/</link>
		<comments>http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/19/avoid-the-optimal/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 19 Sep 2007 20:17:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>WilliamCalvin</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[ecology]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[global warming]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Climate change]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/19/avoid-the-optimal/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ All sensible species avoid living on the edge. But as the world’s temperature goes up a few degrees in the course of the present century, many will be pushed over.
      We humans, if I am to judge from the thermostat settings, prefer room temperatures up in the mid-70s [24°C]. All species have an environmental temperature [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','serif'"></span> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','serif'">All sensible species avoid living on the edge. But as the world’s temperature goes up a few degrees in the course of the present century, many will be pushed over.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','serif'"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','serif'"></span><span>      </span>We humans, if I am to judge from the thermostat settings, prefer room temperatures up in the mid-70s [24°C]. All species have an environmental temperature that they prefer–but it is always less than the optimal temperature for making a living and raising offspring. Why is “cool it” so important?</p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','serif'"></span><span></span> <a href="http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/19/avoid-the-optimal/#more-26" class="more-link">(more&#8230;)</a></p>
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		<item>
		<title>In Search of a Clean Gigawatt</title>
		<link>http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/16/in-search-of-a-clean-gigawatt/</link>
		<comments>http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/16/in-search-of-a-clean-gigawatt/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 16 Sep 2007 18:47:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>WilliamCalvin</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[clean energy]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[geothermal]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[carbon fee]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[nuclear power]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[CO2]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Climate change]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/16/in-search-of-a-clean-gigawatt/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[

I recently stood next to an electrical generator, big enough to power a city the size of Seattle (about 1,000 megawatts, known as a gigawatt). It was surprisingly small, no larger than a classroom with a tall ceiling. 
       The generator’s spinning shaft could be seen where it connected to the steam turbine, next in line. [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Palatino Linotype"></p>
<p style="text-align: center"><img border="1" vspace="5" src="http://williamcalvin.com/2007/William_H_Zimmer_750kw%20Power_Station_Generator.jpg" hspace="5" alt="750 megawatt generator with two steam turbines (Zimmer, Ohio)" title="750 megawatt generator with two steam turbines (Zimmer, Ohio). The text refers to the less photogenic 1180 megawatt generator at Watts Bar, TN." /></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Palatino Linotype">I recently stood next to an electrical generator, big enough to power a city the size of Seattle (about 1,000 megawatts, known as a gigawatt). It was surprisingly small, no larger than a classroom with a tall ceiling.</font></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><span> </span></font></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><span>       </span>The generator’s spinning shaft could be seen where it connected to the steam turbine, next in line. And backing it up were three more turbines, helping to keep that long shaft spinning at 1,800 revolutions every minute.</font></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Palatino Linotype"> </font></span></font></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><span>      </span>The generator doesn’t spin freely because every electrical light and appliance in that gigawatt-sized city is resisting it. It takes a lot of push from the four steam turbines to keep it up to speed. Some power plants create the steam in a boiler heated by burning coal, others by using nuclear fission of uranium-235 to generate the requisite heat. The cleanest method of all is harvesting steam from water sprayed on hot granite a few miles [5 km] underground.</font></span></font></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span></font></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span></font></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><span>      </span>But standing in the electricity half of the power plant, you cannot tell what the heat source is. All you see are the big steam pipes coming in at the far end of the giant hall from an adjacent building. Looking out the big open doors, however, two giant cooling towers are immediately visible.</font></span></font></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><span></span></font></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><span></span></font></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><span> </span></font></span></font></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"></span></font></span></font></span><span style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><span style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Palatino Linotype"></font></span></font></span></font></span></font></span> <a href="http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/16/in-search-of-a-clean-gigawatt/#more-25" class="more-link">(more&#8230;)</a></p>
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		<item>
		<title>An Intelligence Test for Our Times</title>
		<link>http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/15/an-intelligence-test-for-our-times/</link>
		<comments>http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/15/an-intelligence-test-for-our-times/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 15 Sep 2007 15:13:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>WilliamCalvin</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[CO2]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[drought]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Climate change]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/15/an-intelligence-test-for-our-times/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[
Thanks to upsetting our climate with a series of low-tech practices such as cutting down forests, tilling the soil, and—worst of all—burning fossil fuels, we are now facing a use-it-or-lose-it intelligence test.
The outlook is for a higher fever, with droughts that just won’t quit. Extreme weather will keep trashing the place. Tipping points may lead [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','serif'"></span></p>
<p>Thanks to upsetting our climate with a series of low-tech practices such as cutting down forests, tilling the soil, and—worst of all—burning fossil fuels, we are now facing a use-it-or-lose-it intelligence test.</p>
<p>The outlook is for a higher fever, with droughts that just won’t quit. Extreme weather will keep trashing the place. Tipping points may lead to demolition derbies, as when the Amazon rain forest burns or major cities are inundated.</p>
<p>Absent effective treatment of climate disease, the students of today will face an unpleasant, chaotic future—not merely hotter summers. Unless we get our act together very quickly—the next ten years—and on a global scale, our legacy could be genocidal downsizing.</p>
<p>Yet all we hear about is a low-carbon energy diet over the long haul: conserve energy, emphasize renewable energy, fill the car’s tank less often, and substitute clean solar, wind, nuclear, and geothermal for the fossil fuels.</p>
<p>Are such measures quick enough? No. Reliable enough? No. Can they head off the developing world from repeating our mistakes? No. <a href="http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/15/an-intelligence-test-for-our-times/#more-17" class="more-link">(more&#8230;)</a></p>
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		<item>
		<title>Don’t Sleep Alone!</title>
		<link>http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/15/don%e2%80%99t-sleep-alone/</link>
		<comments>http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/15/don%e2%80%99t-sleep-alone/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 15 Sep 2007 13:43:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>WilliamCalvin</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[foresight]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[cardiac]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[medicine]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/15/don%e2%80%99t-sleep-alone/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[My father ran a medium-sized insurance company in Kansas City in my youth and, when we were driving around town, he would point out accidents waiting to happen—say, leaving one’s bicycle sprawled across a path for someone to trip over in the dark. A more subtle form of foresight is playing the percentages—and some improving [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>My father ran a medium-sized insurance company in Kansas City in my youth and, when we were driving around town, he would point out accidents waiting to happen—say, leaving one’s bicycle sprawled across a path for someone to trip over in the dark. A more subtle form of foresight is playing the percentages—and some improving percentages lead to my suggestion, “Don’t Sleep Alone!”</p>
<p> Young adults mostly die, or become permanently disabled, from accidents. Later in life, heart attacks, cancer, and stroke become more common than accidents. Cancers are insidious but the three others strike without warning. They often require fast treatment to prevent permanent disability or death. How fast is fast? <a href="http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/15/don%e2%80%99t-sleep-alone/#more-19" class="more-link">(more&#8230;)</a></p>
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		<item>
		<title>Climate interview, part 1</title>
		<link>http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/10/climate-interview-part-1/</link>
		<comments>http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/10/climate-interview-part-1/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 10 Sep 2007 22:00:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[global warming]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[CO2]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Climate change]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://williamcalvin.net/2007/08/10/climate-interview-part-1/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[David Houle at EvolutionShift.com:  In this fourth installment of our on-going series of interviews with some of the leading thinkers and scientists on the subject of energy, we interview William H. Calvin, PhD.&#60; I had the good fortune to meet Bill at the Future of Energy conference hosted by the Foundation for the Future several [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'"><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'">David Houle at EvolutionShift.com</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'">:</span><span>  </span>In this fourth installment of our on-going series of interviews with some of the leading thinkers and scientists on the subject of energy, we interview William H. Calvin, PhD.&lt; I had the good fortune to meet Bill at the Future of Energy conference hosted by the Foundation for the Future several months ago.<span>  </span>I have also had the pleasure to read excerpts of his upcoming book “Global Fever: How to Treat Climate Change”, a book that could well become a classic as it frames the conversation and offers up a strategy and vision to effectively deal with Climate Change. He is the author of a dozen books, mostly for general readers, about brains and evolution. The latest is <a href="http://williamcalvin.com/BHM/preview.htm"><u><font color="#0000ff"><strong><em>A Brief History of the Mind</em></strong>: </font></u></a><a href="http://williamcalvin.com/BHM/preview.htm"><em><u><font color="#0000ff">From Apes to Intellect and Beyond</font></u></em></a><em> . <span> </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'"> </span></em></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'">1.</span><span>  </span>Evolutionshift.com:<span>  </span><em>Bill, thank you for sending me a chapter of your new book: “</em><a href="http://global-fever.org/"><em><u>Global Fever: How to Treat Climate Change</u></em></a><em>”. When will it be published?</em></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'">I’ll put that comparing-solutions chapter up on the web at <a href="http://global-fever.org/"><u>Global-Fever.org</u></a>. The book itself will be out in February by the University of Chicago Press. They did my other climate book (<a href="http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons"><em><u><font color="#0000ff">A Brain for All Seasons</font></u></em></a>) which won several book awards.. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'"><em><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'">What prompted you to write this book?</span></em></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'">The urgency of the situation. I figured that, as a newly emeritus medical school professor who has been following climate science since 1984, I could afford taking the three years to write it. Better that than taking a real climate scientist away from research and teaching time. And I felt that I had the right skill set. A Ph.D. in biophysics makes it easy for me to dig into both the physics and the biology involved. And thanks to talking shop with the neurosurgeons every day for twenty years, I do know something about when you can afford to wait and when decisive action is needed.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'"> </span></p>
<p><em><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'"></span><span></span></em> <a href="http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/10/climate-interview-part-1/#more-20" class="more-link">(more&#8230;)</a></p>
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		<title>Climate interview, part 2</title>
		<link>http://williamcalvin.net/2007/08/08/climate-interview-part-2/</link>
		<comments>http://williamcalvin.net/2007/08/08/climate-interview-part-2/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 08 Aug 2007 22:02:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[clean energy]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[carbon fee]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[foresight]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[CO2]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Climate change]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://williamcalvin.net/2007/08/08/climate-interview-part-2/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The timetable is really 2020?  That means that we must truly accelerate efforts on all fronts.  What can we do as individuals? 
You can’t enjoy the long run unless you do the right things in the short run. We’ve only got a decade to make a big dent in fossil fuel use or deploy new [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'"></span><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'">The timetable is really 2020?</span><span>  </span>That means that we must truly accelerate efforts on all fronts.<span>  </span>What can we do as individuals? </strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'"><br />
You can’t enjoy the long run unless you do the right things in the short run. We’ve only got a decade to make a big dent in fossil fuel use or deploy new carbon sinks in equivalent numbers. Anything slower means a disaster for today’s students.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'">I don’t think we can advance on all fronts, given our 2020 emergency; we’d be better off spending our money on plug-in hybrids than on new rapid transit, for example. Reforming drivers worldwide takes too long.</p>
<p>A major makeover in a decade requires a lot of people working together, not separately. Individuals cannot do very much, in time for 2020, but they can–and must–persuade politicians to either get moving or retire.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'"> </span> <a href="http://williamcalvin.net/2007/08/08/climate-interview-part-2/#more-21" class="more-link">(more&#8230;)</a></p>
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		<title>Climate interview 3: Hot Rock Geothermal</title>
		<link>http://williamcalvin.net/2007/08/07/climate-interview-3-hot-rock-geothermal/</link>
		<comments>http://williamcalvin.net/2007/08/07/climate-interview-3-hot-rock-geothermal/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 Aug 2007 23:57:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[global warming]]></category>

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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/09/climate-interview-3-hot-rock-geothermal/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Please talk about Geothermal or, as you call it Hot Rock Energy.
  I find it fascinating and, quite frankly, have not heard much about this source of energy.  
It’s because “geothermal” has an image problem rather like electric cars once had. It took the success of a 1997 gasoline-electric hybrid called the Prius to help [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'"><strong>Please talk about Geothermal or, as you call it Hot Rock Energy.</strong></span><br />
<span>  </span>I find it fascinating and, quite frankly, have not heard much about this source of energy. <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'">It’s because “geothermal” has an image problem rather like electric cars once had. It took the success of a 1997 gasoline-electric hybrid called the Prius to help people think ahead to an all-electric car without defaulting to an image of a golf cart of limited utility, not suitable for the freeways. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'">Hearing geothermal, we often pop up a mental image of a sulfurous hot spring and wrinkle our nose. Too many people think that geothermal is just piping near-surface hot water around to heat some buildings—say, Idaho’s State Capitol buildings in Boise. This in turn makes you think that geothermal electrical power is a special case, nice for Iceland but not more generally. That, however, is your grandfather’s notion of geothermal, badly out of date. See the report put out by a panel of eighteen experts that MIT assembled in 2006 to evaluate Hot Rock Energy as an industrial-strength solution for C-free electricity. The experts said it could yield a thousand times more than our present overall energy use. How polluting? Close to zero.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'"> </span> <a href="http://williamcalvin.net/2007/08/07/climate-interview-3-hot-rock-geothermal/#more-22" class="more-link">(more&#8230;)</a></p>
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		<title>Climate interview 4: Nuclear Power</title>
		<link>http://williamcalvin.net/2007/08/04/23/</link>
		<comments>http://williamcalvin.net/2007/08/04/23/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 05 Aug 2007 00:09:04 +0000</pubDate>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://williamcalvin.net/2007/09/09/23/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[11. What do you think about nuclear energy? Is it safe? How can it be utilized to reach your timeline goals?
Nuclear power generation is currently the major C-free energy source. It is over fifty years old, with an excellent safety record. It’s hundreds of times safer than hydro (dams fail) and thousands of times safer [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'">11. What do you think about nuclear energy? Is it safe? How can it be utilized to reach your timeline goals?</span></strong></p>
<p>Nuclear power generation is currently the major C-free energy source. It is over fifty years old, with an excellent safety record. It’s hundreds of times safer than hydro (dams fail) and thousands of times safer than fossil fuels. Unlike the other expandable C-free sources, most of the beginner’s mistakes have already been made. It took three decades before the efficiency doubled.</p>
<p>France has switched to nuclear for 78 percent of its elect­ric­ity. Hydro gives France another 13 percent. So France is 91 percent clean, 9 percent dirty—and Texas is the exact opposite. Texans now get 91 percent of their electricity from fossil fuels, almost twice the national average. Switzerland is 1 percent dirty and the U.S. is at 60 percent (electricity only; about 85 percent dirty counting transportation energy needs too).</p>
<p>If France and Switzerland switched their vehicles over to electrical power, they would serve as even better C-free energy models for the world. Much as I admire Denmark’s style of distribut­ed cogeneration and the move to renewable wind and solar energy, there simply isn’t time to scale that up around the world before 2020, given how many coal trains and oil tankers need to be retired. <a href="http://williamcalvin.net/2007/08/04/23/#more-23" class="more-link">(more&#8230;)</a></p>
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